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STELLA (programming language)

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">STELLA</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual programming</a>, <a href="Simulation_language" title="Simulation language">simulation language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Barry_Richmond" title="Barry Richmond">Barry Richmond</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">isee systems (formerly High Performance Systems)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1985 (1985)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2.0.3<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

/ November 25, 2020 (2020-11-25)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.stm, .stmx, .itm, .itmx</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iseesystems.com/">www.iseesystems.com</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="DYNAMO_(programming_language)" title="DYNAMO (programming language)">DYNAMO</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

STELLA (short for Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation; also marketed as iThink) is a <a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">visual programming language</a> for <a href="System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">system dynamics</a> modeling introduced by <a href="Barry_Richmond" title="Barry Richmond">Barry Richmond</a> in 1985. The program, distributed by isee systems (formerly High Performance Systems) allows users to run models created as graphical representations of a system using four fundamental building blocks. STELLA has been used in academia as a teaching tool and has been utilized in a variety of research and business applications. The program has received positive reviews, being praised in particular for its ease of use.<a href="#cite_note-costanza-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-2vpls-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ithink-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

While working at the <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> in the 1960s, <a href="Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a> developed the earliest understanding of <a href="System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">system dynamics</a> which he argued could only be understood using models.<a href="#cite_note-doerr-6">[6]</a> <a href="Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> systems science professor <a href="Barry_Richmond" title="Barry Richmond">Barry Richmond</a> founded High Performance Systems in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-pr-7">[7]</a> With the financial support of <a href="Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices, Inc.</a> and technical support from <a href="Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a>, he developed STELLA (short for Structural Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation) at his company.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossel1994213-9">[9]</a> He presented the prototype for the <a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">visual programming language</a> in 1985 at the <a href="System_Dynamics_Society" title="System Dynamics Society">System Dynamics Society</a>'s annual conference in a paper entitled "STELLA: Software for Bringing System Dynamics to the Other 98%".<a href="#cite_note-2vpls-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond_et_al.1987iv-10">[10]</a>

Within that paper, Richmond mused on the study of system dynamics: "If this stuff really is so great, then why hasn't the field 'taken off'?"<a href="#cite_note-Richmond98-11">[11]</a> Steve Peterson, a colleague of Richmond's, reflected after his death in 2002 that Richmond held the belief that modeling was a tool everyone should be using and that that notion was reflected in Richmond's work.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-8">[8]</a> He quoted a 1994 paper in which Richmond described STELLA as "quite unique, quite powerful, and quite broadly useful as a way of thinking and or learning. It's also capable of being quite transparent–leveraging the way we learn biology, manage our businesses, or run our personal lives".<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functionality_and_features">Functionality and features</h2></div>

STELLA's approach to modeling systems shares some similarities with a precursor, the <a href="DYNAMO_(programming_language)" title="DYNAMO (programming language)">DYNAMO</a> <a href="Simulation_language" title="Simulation language">simulation language</a>. DYNAMO explicitly defined "stocks" (reservoirs) and "flows" (inputs and outputs) as key variables in a system, a vocabulary that STELLA shares.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossel1994213-9">[9]</a> Within STELLA, users are presented with a <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> in which they may create graphical models of a system using four fundamentals: stocks, flows, converters, and connectors.<a href="#cite_note-conveyors-13">[13]</a> Relationships between converters (which convey transforming variables) and other elements may be drawn with converters. Users are able to input values for stocks, flows, and converters (including a variety of built-in functions).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannon_&_Ruth199713-14">[14]</a> STELLA does not differentiate between external and intermediate variables within a system; all of them are represented with converters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossel1994216-15">[15]</a>

The software produces <a href="Finite_difference" title="Finite difference">finite difference</a> equations that describe the graphical model and allows users to select a <a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a> method to apply to the system, either the <a href="Euler_method" title="Euler method">Euler method</a> or various <a href="Runge%E2%80%93Kutta_methods" title="Runge–Kutta methods">Runge–Kutta methods</a> (either second or fourth order).<a href="#cite_note-taffe-16">[16]</a> Before running a model, users may also specify a time step and runtime for the simulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannon_&_Ruth199714-17">[17]</a> STELLA can output data in graphical or tabular forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossel1994219-18">[18]</a>

STELLA runs one window at a time, meaning that only one model can be run at any given moment.<a href="#cite_note-2vpls-4">[4]</a> The program's native file formats are denoted either by an <code>.stm</code>, <code>.stmx</code>, <code>.itm</code>, or <code>.itmx</code> <a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extension</a>. STELLA also uses the emerging XML-based standard for storing models, XMILE.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 2012, two researchers released StellaR, software which can translate STELLA models into the <a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> programming language.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div>

Because of its simplicity relative to more complex modeling languages, STELLA has been cited as a useful tool in educational settings.<a href="#cite_note-doerr-6">[6]</a> Richmond derisively viewed most education as "assimilating content" and proposed systems thinking as a remedy to this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond20139–11-22">[22]</a>

In 1987, High Performance Systems released a guide to STELLA encouraging its use in academic settings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichmond_et_al.1987245–246-23">[23]</a> and numerous textbooks have been published that teach modeling and systems thinking using the software.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannon_&_Ruth1997vi-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossel1994xv-25">[25]</a> Sample exercises with STELLA include recreating the <a href="Daisyworld" title="Daisyworld">Daisyworld</a> model,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannon_&_Ruth1997357-26">[26]</a> simulating the <a href="History_of_Easter_Island#Destruction_of_society_and_population" title="History of Easter Island">Easter Island population crash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and modeling the protagonist's motivation throughout <a href="William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

A 2010 study of the efficacy of <a href="Project-based_learning" title="Project-based learning">project-based learning</a> upon a <a href="Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a>-modeling project undertaken by 72 <a href="Middle_school#United_States" title="Middle school">middle schoolers</a> found that the addition of a STELLA modeling component in the project improved overall comprehension of the material over traditional methods, especially among female students who outperformed their male counterparts with the addition of STELLA.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia_and_commerce">Academia and commerce</h3></div>

The software is also used in research settings. Among other projects, researchers have used STELLA to apply <a href="Hubbert_peak_theory" title="Hubbert peak theory">Hubbert peak theory</a> to the <a href="Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Chinese coal supply</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> to model <a href="Atrazine" title="Atrazine">atrazine</a> dynamics within agricultural lands,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and to simulate the interactions between marine macroinvertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

isee systems<a href="#cite_note-33">[a]</a> markets an identical software targeted at business consumers under the name iThink (previously STELLA for Business).<a href="#cite_note-ithink-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannon_&_Ruth19976-34">[33]</a> iThink models have been applied to a variety of systems including manufacturing lines,<a href="#cite_note-conveyors-13">[13]</a> hospital waste in developing nations,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> coordination between an emergency room and hospital beds,<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> and competition in the home video market.<a href="#cite_note-ithink-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

In a 1987 review of the program in <a href="BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a>, <a href="Robert_Costanza" title="Robert Costanza">Robert Costanza</a> wrote that "STELLA is a solid program–well planned and executed–that breaks new ground."<a href="#cite_note-costanza-3">[3]</a> He praised its ease of use as beneficial both to beginners interested in learning how to build models and experts who could use it to test components of more complex models.<a href="#cite_note-costanza-3">[3]</a> A 1998 review of the program in the <a href="Bulletin_of_the_Ecological_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America">Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America</a> concurred that the program was easy to use, especially for beginning modelers, but noted its lack of model optimization tools and the ability to run only one window at a time as drawbacks.<a href="#cite_note-2vpls-4">[4]</a>

Writing for <a href="Complexity_(journal)" title="Complexity (journal)">Complexity</a> in 1997, Benedikt Hallgrímsson found the program's accompanying manual to be overzealous in its promotion of <a href="Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a> but cautioned that "the manual need not detract from what is otherwise a very well-thought-out and constructed program."<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a>

A 1991 review of iThink in Planning Review noted that the software's strength was in its low cost (the program retailed at around $450 (US$1,039 in 2024 dollars <a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-38">[37]</a>) and the vast number of possibilities allowed by its open-ended form.<a href="#cite_note-ithink-5">[5]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_system_dynamics_software" title="Comparison of system dynamics software">Comparison of system dynamics software</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> High Performance Systems changed its name to isee systems in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-pr-7">[7]</a>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iseesystems.com/store/products/feature-updates.aspx">"Feature updates"</a>. isee systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113235758/https://www.iseesystems.com/store/products/feature-updates.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iseesystems.com/resources/faqs/software.aspx">"Software FAQs"</a>. isee systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128014415/https://iseesystems.com/resources/faqs/software.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-costanza-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-costanza_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-costanza_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-costanza_3-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFCostanza1987" class="citation journal cs1">Costanza, R. (February 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=iss_pub">"Simulation Modeling on the Macintosh Using STELLA"</a>. BioScience. 37 (2): 129–132. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1310367">10.2307/1310367</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1310367">1310367</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56217107">56217107</a>.</cite> <a href="Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"></a>

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<li id="cite_note-ithink-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ithink_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ithink_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ithink_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ithink_5-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFSamzeliusMiller1991" class="citation journal cs1">Samzelius, J. E.; Miller, S. E. (1991). "ithink: Animated Strategic Models on Your Desktop Computer". Planning Review. 19 (1): 32–34. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2Feb054316">10.1108/eb054316</a>.</cite> <a href="Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"></a>

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<li id="cite_note-doerr-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doerr_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doerr_6-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDoerr1996" class="citation journal cs1">Doerr, H. M. (1996). "Stella ten years later: A review of the literature". International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning. 1 (2): 201–224. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00571080">10.1007/BF00571080</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19428296">19428296</a>.</cite> <a href="Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"></a>

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<li id="cite_note-pr-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pr_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_7-1">b</a> <cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061022130939/http://www.iseesystems.com/community/pressreleases/20040304.pdf">"High Performance Systems, Inc. becomes isee systems"</a> (PDF) (Press release). Lebanon, NH: isee systems. March 4, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iseesystems.com/community/pressreleases/20040304.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 22, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Peterson-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_8-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeterson2003" class="citation conference cs1">Peterson, S. (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012759/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/417.pdf">Barry Richmond, System Dynamics and Public Policy</a> (PDF). 21st System Dynamics Conference. New York City. pp. 1–14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/417.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 1, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBossel1994213-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossel1994213_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBossel1994213_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBossel1994">Bossel 1994</a>, p. 213.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited">Cited</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBossel1994" class="citation book cs1">Bossel, H. (1994). Modeling and Simulation. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1">10.1007/978-3-663-10822-1</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-56881-033-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHannon_&_Ruth1997" class="citation book cs1">Hannon, B.; Ruth, M. (1997). Modeling Dynamic Systems. New York City: Springer-Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-387-94850-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRichmond_et_al.1987" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, B.; Peterson, S.; Vescuso, P. (1987). An Academic User's Guide to STELLA. Lyme, NH: High Performance Systems.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2013" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosy00slis">An Introduction to Systems Thinking, STELLA</a>. Lebanon, NH: isee systems. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9704921-1-1</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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